Travel restrictions

Downtown Vienna was the backdrop for last night’s HIV and human rights march and rally on 20 July. The public event took place during the 18th International AIDS Conference which has brought some 20,000 activists and HIV professionals to the Austrian capital.

Mr Michel Sidibé, executive director of UNAIDS addressed the rally at the end of the march saluting the thousands of marchers as being “a force for change… a force for human rights.”

“It is a great privilege to be here with you at the most exciting event of the Conference. To rally with you for Human Rights! To end this epidemic we must hold governments, civil society, the UN, ourselves accountable to deliver on human rights.”

Mr Sidibé then introduced on stage UNAIDS’ latest global Goodwill Ambassador and international singer Ms Annie Lennox who headlined the rally. “I turn now to introduce a woman and a human rights activist you all know very well.  An artist, a singer and a star. And we are blessed that she has given her heart and her song and her voice to help us against HIV! Ms. Annie Lennox!”

Ms Lennox gave a live performance and showed short films on impact of HIV on the lives of people and about her SING campaign.

Ms Lennox spoke about how AIDS affects all of us - mothers, fathers, sons and daughters - and she emphasized how we must end the darkness of stigma and discrimination.

In solidarity Ms Lennox and the audience stood in silence to honour the millions of lives already lost to the epidemic. All the lights were turned off at the famous Heldenplatz (Hero's Square) and Ms Lennox encouraged the marchers to turn on their lighters and mobiles as a personal symbol of re-commitment to the fight against AIDS.

Other high-level participants who addressed the rally following the march included the Austrian Minister of Health Mr Alois Stöger, Dr Michel Kazatchkine, Executive Director of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, and Ms Sonja Wehsely, Executive Councillor for Public Health and Social Affairs of the City of Vienna, and members of civil society.

Human Rights and HIV: Now More Than Ever

The march was a conference-affiliated event led by a global coalition of organizations including Lennox’s SING campaign and the International AIDS Society, and supported by the Open Society Institute and local partners including Aids Hilfe Wien and Homosexuelle Initiative Wien (HOSI).

The Now More Than Ever campaign has grown through three successive International AIDS Conferences: from Toronto in 2006, where the joint statement was first published; to Mexico City in 2008, where activists organized the first-ever Human Rights Networking Zone and march and rally for human rights at an International AIDS Conference; to Vienna, where thousands gathered for a march, rally and concert for human rights.

The AIDS epidemic has raised new and complex legal and human rights challenges leading to judicial rulings on matters related to HIV that have become part of the jurisprudence of many countries. Through interpretation of national constitutions, legislation and international human rights treaties, the judiciary has sometimes had a transformative and beneficial impact on the national response to HIV and on the public perception of HIV.

Enabling jurisprudence has emerged in countries as diverse as Australia, Botswana, Brazil, India, Iran, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States of America and Venezuela. This includes judgments on employment law, access to education, medical insurance, treatment in prisons, segregation, confidentiality, access to medicines, and the rights of prisoners. Through a well-informed, evidence-based and protective application of the law, the judiciary can create the type of legal and social environment necessary to halt and roll back the AIDS epidemic; to provide access to justice to those affected; and to achieve national commitments to attain universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.

Beyond the court, members of the judiciary are leaders in their communities and societies who should be engaged in the response to HIV. Their stance, attitudes and behaviour towards HIV-related issues, people living with HIV and members of most at risk populations can help shape social attitude towards these populations. Members of the judiciary can challenge stigma and discriminatory practices against people living with HIV and members of key populations both inside the court and within the community at large.

However, in the quickly evolving area of scientific, medical and legal issues related to HIV epidemic, there has been little opportunity for judges to take stock of epidemiological and scientific developments. Nor has role of members of the judiciary as agents of justice and protectors of human rights been fully explored or used to address vulnerability to HIV and ensure human rights protection for all in the context of the epidemic.

Recognising the potential and actual role of the judiciary in the AIDS response, UNAIDS is committed to supporting the judiciary, including in the following areas:

• Providing opportunities for continuing education and discussion among the judiciary on recent developments in the HIV response and their legal implications
• Supporting judges to make the courts more accessible to all people affected by HIV
• Stimulating rights-based and evidence-informed standard-setting on pertinent HIV-related legal and human rights issues by and for members of the judiciary
• Creating opportunities for members of the judiciary to exchange with key stakeholders of the HIV response, including people living with HIV, women affected by HIV, and members of key populations at higher risks.

UNAIDS’ support to judiciary leadership is guided by its commitment to working with key national and international actors towards the removal of “punitive laws, policies, practices, stigma and discrimination that block effective responses to AIDS”, as affirmed in the UNAIDS Outcome Framework 2009-2011

UNAIDS sees members of the judiciary as key stakeholders in supporting and enforcing a protective legal environment to the HIV response.

According to Susan Timberlake, Senior Human Rights and Law Advisor at UNAIDS, “Through the courts, judges can  uphold non-discrimination based on HIV status, protect women and  key populations  from violence and denial of services, and overturn  punitive laws that violate human rights in the context of the epidemic.”

As part of the efforts to engage the judiciary in the HIV response a groundbreaking meeting of eminent African jurists was held in Johannesburg, South Africa in December 2009 to discuss HIV and the law in the 21st century.

Map of countries, territories and areas that have some form of HIV-related restrictions on entry, stay or residence.  

UNAIDS strongly welcomes the elimination of travel restrictions based on HIV status by the Republic of Korea, effective 1 January 2010. It also commends the United States for full implementation of the final rule that removes entry restrictions which means that travellers living with HIV can freely enter the United States of America as of today.

United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon congratulated President Lee Myung-bak on the Republic of Korea’s decision. “I applaud President Lee for his country’s leadership in ending restrictions towards people living with HIV that have no public health benefit,” said Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

“I repeat my call to all other countries with such discriminatory restrictions to take steps to remove them at the earliest.”

The Secretary-General also congratulated President Barack Obama when the US policy change was announced in October 2009. Today's removal of HIV-related entry, stay and residence restrictions, or "travel ban" as it was known, in the United States overturns a policy that had been in place since 1987.

UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibé also hailed the United States and the Republic of Korea for ending entry restrictions towards people living with HIV, calling the policy changes "a victory for human rights on two sides of the globe."

"I call for global freedom of movement for people living with HIV in 2010, the year when countries have committed to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support," said UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibé.

"Let no country obstruct someone because of their HIV status. Such discrimination has no place in today's highly mobile world," Mr Sidibé continued.

Some 57 countries, territories and areas have some form of HIV-specific restriction on entry, stay and residence that is based on HIV status. These include those that completely ban entry of HIV positive people for any reason or length of stay; and/or are applied to visa applications for very short stays (e.g. tourist visas); and/or are applied to visa applications for longer stays (visas for residency, immigration, asylum or resettlement, study, international employment, and consular service). Such restrictions, strongly opposed by UNAIDS, are discriminatory and do not protect public health.

Geneva/New York, 31 October 2009 — UNAIDS welcomes President Obama’s announcement of the final rule removing entry restrictions based on HIV status from US policy.  The removal of HIV-related travel restrictions in the US overturns a policy that had been in place since 1987. Such restrictions, strongly opposed by UNAIDS, are discriminatory and do not protect public health.

“I congratulate President Obama on announcing the removal of the travel restrictions for people living with HIV from entering the United States,” said United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. “I urge all other countries with such restrictions to take steps to remove them at the earliest.”

The United Nations Secretary-General has made the removal of stigma and discrimination faced by people living with HIV a personal issue. He called for the removal of travel restrictions for the first time in his address to the General Assembly during the High Level Meeting on AIDS in 2008. “That they should be discriminated against, including through restrictions on their ability to travel between countries, should fill us all with shame,” said Secretary-General Ban in a speech to the Global AIDS Conference in August last year.

At his request, several countries including his home country, the Republic of Korea, are in the last stages of removing travel restrictions. Other countries that are considering removal of travel restrictions include China and Ukraine. In 2008, the UNAIDS board strongly encouraged all countries to eliminate HIV-specific restrictions on entry, stay and residence and ensure that people living with HIV are no longer excluded, detained or deported on the basis of HIV status.
“Placing travel restrictions on people living with HIV has no public health justification. It is also a violation of human rights,” said Michel Sidibé, Executive Director of UNAIDS. “We hope that other countries that still have travel restrictions will remove them at the earliest.”

Nearly 59 countries impose some form of travel restrictions on people living with HIV. The International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights state that any restriction on liberty of movement or choice of residence based on suspected or real HIV status alone, including HIV screening of international travellers, is discriminatory. Travel restrictions do not have an economic justification either. People living with HIV can now lead long and productive working lives, a fact that modifies the economic argument underlying blanket restrictions; concern about migrants’ drain on health resources must be weighed with their potential contribution.

Credit: ECOSOC

The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) passed a resolution on UNAIDS by consensus at its 2009 substantive session on 24 July. Negotiations on the text were led by the Delegation of the Netherlands, in its capacity as Vice Chair of the UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board and ECOSOC member, and 31 countries – from all regions – co-sponsored the text.

The resolution welcomes the UNAIDS Outcome Framework as a tool for achievement of the goal of universal access and its emphasis on the prevention of sexual transmission. Moves to leverage AIDS to respond to broader health and development agendas, in particular the health Millennium Development goals (MDGs) – through the removal of socio-economic and legal barriers, and the maximum use of flexibilities under the TRIPS agreement to provide access to affordable antiretroviral drugs of assured quality – were applauded as central to the mandate of UNAIDS.

ECOSOC urged all member states to eliminate HIV-specific restrictions on entry, stay and residence, and for all stakeholders to come together at the country level to develop transparent, accountable and effective national responses within the “Three Ones” principles. Ongoing financial and political support for research and development of prevention technologies – including an effective HIV vaccine – was needed.

Recognition was also given to the need for the Joint Programme to significantly expand and strengthen its work to address the gap in services for injecting drug users in all settings. Barriers to the response continue and partnerships in addressing them will be key – as outlined in the welcome UNAIDS Action Framework: Universal Access for Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender People.

In recognizing the interrelated nature of the health and gender-related MDGs, Member States welcomed the ongoing development and operationalization of an Action Framework addressing women, girls, gender equality and HIV, under the leadership of the UNAIDS Executive Director.

At country level, efforts were encouraged to strengthen the UNAIDS technical support division of labour, and the concept of a joint United Nations team and programme on AIDS, with the aim of harmonizing technical support, strengthening programmatic coherence and improving the collective accountability of the United Nations system. UNAIDS ongoing role in the process of UN reform, and in the delivery of broader United Nations development assistance – was recognized and encouraged.

Finally, ECOSOC welcomed the submission by Member States of a total of 147 country progress reports in 2008, as part of the reporting process established by the Declaration of Commitment n HIV/AIDS, which had provided the most comprehensive overview to date of the response at country level, and encouraged all Member States to fully support the next round of reports due on 31 March 2010.

The International Task Team on HIV-related Travel Restrictions concluded its third meeting with draft recommendations towards the elimination of HIV-specific restrictions on entry, stay and residence. In the coming months, these will be finalized and presented to the boards of the Global Fund and UNAIDS this November and December.

Restricting entry, stay or residence in a country due to HIV positive status alone is discriminatory, and in today’s highly mobile world, such restrictions have even greater impact on people living with HIV. In 2008, some 67 countries continue to have such restrictions.

In early 2008, UNAIDS set up an international task team of governments, civil society groups and international organizations to bring the issue of HIV-related travel restrictions back onto the agenda and promote action towards their elimination. Co-chaired by UNAIDS and the Government of Norway, the Task Team met for the first time in Geneva in February 2008, followed by a second meeting at the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva in April, and the third and final meeting in Madrid at the headquarters of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).

At the third meeting, the Task Team took
stock of all the advocacy and activities
conducted by Task Team members against
travel restrictions and noted that there
indeed is much greater momentum toward
their elimination. Credit: UNAIDS

The third meeting, which took place from 24-26 June, was opened by Francisco Elías de Tejada Lozano, former Spanish Ambassador to the Global Fund, Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Francesco Frangialli, Secretary-General of UNWTO. Frangialli underlined that travel restrictions based on HIV status are discriminatory, and are a major concern to the entire tourism sector.

“HIV is not something that transmits through the air. If there are going to be restrictions, they have to be rational and reflect legitimate public health concerns. For HIV, what’s needed is prevention information and dialogue,” said Frangialli.

At the third meeting, the Task Team took stock of all the advocacy and activities conducted by Task Team members against travel restrictions and noted that there indeed is much greater momentum toward their elimination.

For example, civil society groups conducted significant advocacy leading up to the High-Level Meeting on AIDS at the UN General Assembly in June. At that meeting, both UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon and UNAIDS Executive Director Peter Piot called for the end of HIV-related travel restrictions in their speeches at the opening session of the General Assembly. “Stigma and discrimination around AIDS remain as strong as ever: and in this context I join my voice with the Secretary General and I call on all countries to drop restrictions on entry to people simply because they are living with HIV,” said Dr Piot.

Task Team members also underlined during the third meeting that ongoing awareness-raising is needed, and that the Task Team’s work has to be followed by intense country-level action that leads to the elimination of travel restrictions.

“At this point in the epidemic, with over 25 years of experience, it’s hypocrisy if there’s no change and governments say that they’re committed to ending stigma and discrimination,” said Craig McClure, Executive Director of the International AIDS Society.

Susan Timberlake, Task Team Co-chair and Senior Human Rights and Law Adviser at UNAIDS, stated that more effort is needed to ensure that tourists, migrants and other mobile populations are addressed in national AIDS responses.

“Countries need to understand that any HIV vulnerability related to mobility is not just about tourists and migrants, it is also about nationals, entering, departing and re-entering. If governments really want to reduce HIV vulnerability related to mobility they should ensure that all mobile people benefit from appropriate HIV programmes and services. In the era of Universal Access and increasing globalization, no comprehensive AIDS response should leave out people on the move,” she said.

Restrictions on the entry, stay and residence of people living with HIV will be highlighted during a Special Session at the International AIDS Conference in Mexico this August, as well as the Global Forum on Migration and Development in the Philippines in October. The final recommendations of the Task Team will be presented in a report at the next meeting of UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board in December 2008 and to the board of the Global Fund of Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria in November.

Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, governments and the private sector have implemented travel restrictions with regard to HIV positive people wishing to enter or remain in a country for a short stay (e.g. business, personal visits, tourism) or for longer periods (e.g. asylum, employment, immigration, refugee resettlement, or study).

The international task team on HIV-relate
travel restrictions met for the first time in
Geneva on 25-26 February. The meeting
was co-chaired by UNAIDS and the
Government of Norway.

UNAIDS has set up an international task team to heighten attention to the issue of HIV-related travel restrictions (both short-term and long-term) on international and national agendas and move towards their elimination.

The international task team met for the first time in Geneva on 25-26 February. The meeting, co-chaired by UNAIDS and the Government of Norway, brought together representatives of governments, inter-governmental organizations and civil society, including the private sector and networks of people living with HIV.

According to data collected by the European AIDS Treatment Group, a total of 74 countries have some form of HIV-specific travel restrictions, 12 of which ban HIV positive people from entering for any reason or length of time. The most common reasons used are to protect public health and to avoid possible costs associated with care, support and treatment of people living with HIV.

Whatever the reason, HIV-related travel restrictions raise fundamental issues regarding the human rights of non-discrimination and freedom of movement of people living with HIV in today’s highly mobile world.

In the year 2000, the World Tourist Organization estimated that there were 698 million international arrivals world-wide. The majority of these people are travelling for short periods of time, e.g. for tourism, business, conferences, family visits. With regard to longer-term mobility, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that some 175 million migrants currently live and work outside their country of citizenship, i.e., 2.9 per cent of the world’s population.

HIV -related travel restrictions usually take the form of a law or administrative instruction that requires people to indicate their HIV-free status before entering or remaining in a country. Some countries require people to undergo an HIV test whereas others require an HIV-free certificate or simply that people declare their HIV status.

Testing under such circumstances is akin to mandatory testing, and in many instances is done without appropriate pre and post-test counselling or safeguards of confidentiality. Any HIV testing should be done voluntarily and on the basis of informed consent.

The personal impact of HIV-related travel restrictions can be devastating for the individual seeking to immigrate, to gain asylum, to visit family, to attend meetings, to study, or to do business. The candidate immigrant, refugee, student or other traveller may simultaneously learn that s/he is infected with HIV, that s/he may not be allowed to travel, and possibly that his/her status has become known to government officials, or to family, community, and employer, exposing the individual to possibly serious discrimination and stigma.

For those already in a receiving country, they may face summary deportation without due process of law and protection of confidentiality. Under such circumstances, there is every incentive to hide or deny one’s HIV status and to avoid contact with immigration authorities and health care workers. Both immigration controls and public health efforts are thereby undermined, while individuals are cut off from prevention, assistance and, perhaps, needed health services.

“Travel restrictions based on HIV status
again highlight the exceptionality of AIDS,
especially short-term restrictions," said
UNAIDS Executive Director Dr Peter Piot.

“Travel restrictions based on HIV status again highlight the exceptionality of AIDS, especially short-term restrictions," said UNAIDS Executive Director Dr Peter Piot. "No other condition prevents people from entering countries for business, tourism, or to attend meetings. No other condition has people afraid of having their baggage searched for medication at the border, with the result that they are denied entry or worse, detained and then deported back to their country", he added.

While recognizing that control of a country’s borders and matters of immigration fall under the sovereign power of individual States, national laws and regulations should ensure that people living with HIV are not discriminated against in their ability to participate equally in international travel, in seeking entry or stay in a country that is not their own. The International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights state that any restriction on liberty of movement or choice of residence based on suspected or real HIV status alone, including HIV screening of international travellers, is discriminatory.

Besides being discriminatory, travel restrictions have no public health justification. HIV should not be considered to be a condition that poses a threat to public health in relation to travel because, although it is infectious, the human immunodeficiency virus cannot be transmitted by the mere presence of a person with HIV in a country or by casual contact.

Restrictive measures can in fact run counter to public health interests, since exclusion of HIV-positive non-nationals adds to the climate of stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV, and may thus deter nationals and non-nationals alike from coming forward to utilize HIV prevention and care services. Moreover, travel restrictions may encourage nationals to consider HIV a “foreign problem” that has been dealt with by keeping foreigners outside their borders, so that they feel no need to engage in safe behaviour themselves.

Travel restrictions do not have an economic justification either. People living with HIV can now lead long and productive working lives, a fact that modifies the economic argument underlying blanket restrictions: concern about migrants’ drain on health resources must be weighed with their potential contribution. Furthermore, the continued expansion of treatment programmes towards Universal Access by 2010, and the sustained fall in the cost of treatment in low- and middle-income countries dispels the myth that the travel of a HIV positive person would drive up the cost of health care systems abroad.

The creation of an International Task Team on HIV-related Travel Restrictions is a critical opportunity to heighten attention to the issue of HIV-related travel restrictions on international and national agendas and move toward their elimination.

Developing Specific Recommendations for Positive Change

The Task Team will generate concrete
recommendations on specific actions that
different stakeholders can take to move
towards the elimination of HIV-related
travel restrictions.

The International Task Team comprises two working groups which focus on short-term and long-term restrictions, supported and guided by a Steering Committee. The Working Groups and the Steering Committee of the Task Team will meet four times before August 2008, when its final recommendations will be presented at the International AIDS Conference in Mexico. The Task Team will generate concrete recommendations on specific actions that different stakeholders (government, civil society, intergovernmental organizations and the private sector) can take to move towards the elimination of HIV-related travel restrictions. The Task Team will focus on key strategic actions that:

1. Increase attention to the issue of HIV travel restrictions internationally, regionally and nationally
2. Influence governments that have HIV-related travel restrictions relating to entry and short-term stay to remove such restrictions; and
3. Spur longer term action to move towards the elimination of all HIV-specific travel restrictions.

In developing these recommendations, the Steering Committee will be supported by the Working Groups which will be requested to undertake:

1. A critical mapping of the current situation related to the use of short-term and long-term HIV-related travel restrictions
2. An analysis of the obstacles to eliminating the different types of HIV-related travel restrictions and possible actions by various national and international stakeholders to support this elimination, and
3. Recommendations on best practice regarding the entry and stay of people living with HIV in different contexts of mobility and migration.

Recommendations will support the principles of non-discrimination and the Greater Involvement of People Living with HIV and rational HIV-related policies for travellers, migrants and mobile populations in sending and receiving countries – in the context of efforts to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, as agreed by governments at the High Level Meeting on AIDS (2006).

The International Task Team on HIV-related Travel Restrictions will hold its next meeting on 31st March – 2nd April in Geneva.

GENEVA, 31 January 2013—The United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) welcomes the recent law reforms in Mongolia that have removed all travel restrictions and other discriminatory provisions for people living with HIV. The reforms which were passed by Mongolia’s Parliament in mid-December of last year took effect on 15 January 2013.

The Law on Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome removes all HIV-related restrictions on entry, stay and residence. Foreigners applying for visas to Mongolia are no longer required to disclose or provide documentation of HIV status.

“I commend Mongolia for taking this bold step and I hope this will encourage other countries to follow their example and move the world towards zero HIV-related stigma and discrimination,” said Michel Sidibé, UNAIDS Executive Director.

UNAIDS advocates for the right to freedom of movement—regardless of HIV status. There is no evidence to suggest that restrictions on the entry, stay or residence of people living with HIV protect public health.

Mongolia’s reforms also removed employment restrictions that prevented people living with HIV from undertaking certain jobs, including in the food industry. The new law has also encouraged the creation of a multi-sectorial body comprised of government, civil society and private sector representatives to help put in place the reforms.

With the removal of Mongolia's restrictions, UNAIDS counts 44 countries, territories, and areas that continue to impose some form of restriction on the entry, stay and residence of people living with HIV based on their HIV status. There are five countries with a complete ban on the entry and stay of people living with HIV and five more countries deny visas even for short-term stays. Nineteen countries deport individuals once their HIV-positive status is discovered.

“The private sector can influence these governments to do the right thing,” Schreiber said. “We call on CEOs to show your leadership by joining the pledge to end discrimination of people with HIV.”

See countries, fact sheets and up-to-date list of CEOs

Below are CEOs who have signed as of 19 July, 2012:

Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, Group Managing Director/CEO, Access Bank Plc

Mark Bertolini, Chairman, CEO and President, Aetna

Cynthia Carroll, Chief Executive, Anglo American plc

Vincent A. Forlenza, Chairman of the Board, CEO and President, BD

Debra Lee, Chairman & CEO, BET Networks

Lamberto Andreotti, CEO, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company

Muhtar Kent, Chairman of the Board and CEO, The Coca-Cola Company

Glenn K. Murphy, Chairman and CEO, Gap Inc.

Jonathan D. Klein, CEO and Co-Founder, Getty Images

John C. Martin, PhD, Chairman and CEO, Gilead Sciences, Inc.

Karl-Johan Persson, CEO, H&M Hennes & Mauritz AB

Jean-François van Boxmeer, Chairman of the Executive Board/CEO, HEINEKEN NV

Bong Yong Dam, CEO, Hub One International Company Ltd.

Alex Gorsky, CEO, Johnson & Johnson

Kenneth Cole, Chairman and Chief Creative Officer, Kenneth Cole Productions

Chip Bergh, President & CEO, Levi Strauss & Co.

Kenneth C. Frazier, Chairman, President & CEO, Merck & Co.

Heather Bresch, CEO, Mylan

David J. Stern, Commissioner, National Basketball Association (NBA)

Blake Nordstrom, President, Nordstrom, Inc.

Douglas A. Michels, President & CEO, OraSure Technologies, Inc.

Mikkel Vestergaard Frandsen, CEO, Vestergaard Frandsen

Richard Branson, Founder, Virgin Unite

William H. Roedy, AIDS Activist and former Chairman, MTVN International