Bangladesh ’s leading telecommunications service provider, Grameenphone Ltd has joined forces with UNAIDS to drive forward advocacy and awareness raising on AIDS issues, as part of the work of the Asia Pacific Leadership Forum on AIDS (APLF) in Bangladesh.

At a ceremony held in Dhaka on 24 May 2007, Managing Director of Gameenphone Erik Aas and UNAIDS Director for Regional Support Team Prasada Rao signed a statement of cooperation that will see the telecommunications giant support UNAIDS in their APLF work to engage high-level leaders from different sectors of the country, including governance, business, media and women in helping create an enabling environment in support of action on AIDS. A major focus of the agreement between UANIDS and Grameenphone is to work together to ensure media coverage for the leaders. Grameenphone will provide necessary support to execute the mutually agreed upon media campaigns.

Speaking at the signing ceremony, Erik Aas said that with Grameenphone’s network of more than 10 million subscribers across the country, the company is in an ideal situation to conduct wide reaching HIV awareness campaigns. "Utilising our infrastructure and employees, I expect that we will succeed," he said.

In Bangladesh, six leaders are already ambassadors of the APLF initiative. Major General (retd) ASM Matiur Rahman, Adviser of Ministries of Health and Family Welfare, Water Resources and Religious Affairs, Runa Laila and Alamgir, cultural personalities, Shykh Seraj, media personality and agriculture development expert, Bibi Russell, fashion icon and activist and Kafil HS Muyeed, Director, New Business Division, Grameenphone Ltd. All attended the event that saw UNAIDS and Grameenphone come together on the issue of AIDS.

“We hope this will encourage thousands of businesses in the country to come forward to address the major threats relating to health, education and poverty alleviation as part of their corporate social responsibility,” said Major General (retd) ASM Matiur Rahman. “AIDS is a global problem, and a reality in Bangladesh. There is no alternative to taking preventive measures – particularly focusing on young people who are at high risk,” he added and stressed the need for a combined effort of all religious minded people from mosques, temples and pagodas.

“Leaders are distinguished by their action, innovation and vision; their personal example and engagement of others; and their perseverance in the face of obstacles and challenges,” said UNAIDS’ Prasada Rao. “Leadership must be demonstrated at every level to get ahead of the epidemic- in families, in communities, in countries and internationally. We welcome working together with Grameenphone Ltd to push forward the AIDS response in Bangladesh.”

The APLF was established in 2002 in response to the commitment for strong leadership on AIDS agreed at the first United Nations General Assembly Special Session on AIDS (UNGASS) in New York in July 2001. Managed by UNAIDS, APLF supports and strengthens political and civil society leadership at country, sub-regional and regional levels to take action to reduce the spread and impact of the AIDS epidemic in the Asia Pacific region.

The first case of HIV in Bangladesh was detected in 1989. According to a 2004 UN study, HIV infections have tripled in the last six years. UNAIDS estimated that 13,000 adults and children were living with HIV at the end of 2002 in Bangladesh.

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Links:

More information on Bangladesh

WHO and UNAIDS issued new guidance on informed, voluntary HIV testing and counselling in health facilities on Wednesday 30 May, with a view to increase access to needed HIV treatment, care, support and HIV prevention services.  The new guidance focuses on provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling (PICT).

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Links:

Download PICT Guidelines ( en | fr | ru ) (pdf, 2,65 MB | 1,23 MB | 1,29 MB)

Read Press Release ( en | fr | es | ru | ar ) (pdf, 57,4 KB | 68,4 KB | 61,7 KB | 164 KB | 159 KB)

Read Executive Summary ( en | fr | es | ru ) (pdf, 516 KB | 189 KB | 174 KB | 243 KB)

More on counselling and testing

Top Asian broadcasters, producers, journalists and media executives have pledged to step up their response to AIDS and form the Asia Pacific Media AIDS initiative to ensure increased and improved media coverage of AIDS issues in the region.

Agreement to drive forward the media response to AIDS in Asia came at the one-day conference on ‘Global Media Strategies on AIDS’ held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on Monday 28 May. Over 130 representatives from the region’s leading television, radio, print and electronic media gathered at the conference—a special event held in the lead-up to the 30th Asia Media Summit which takes place from 29-30 May.

“AIDS is a global crisis of major proportions that knows no boundaries,” said Advocate Dali Mpofu, CEO of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) and Chair of the Global Media AIDS Initiative (GMAI), in the keynote address.

“There is no question that the media is one of the most powerful tools for changing the epidemic and it is severely underutilized.”

“The media need to step up action, spreading information faster than the epidemic,” he said.

The day-long conference, organised by the Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development (AIBD), UNAIDS, The Asia Pacific Leadership Forum on AIDS and Development (APLF), UNESCO and ISIS Malaysia, discussed a number of key issues around the media response to AIDS including how media can introduce positive change in the attitude towards people living with HIV, the positive and negative roles media have played in the response so far and strategies for taking media response to the next level for accurate, effective communication on AIDS issues.

Keeping AIDS on the media agenda

Opening the first session of the day, UNAIDS’ Manager of the APLF, Bai Bagasao gave an overview of the current state of the epidemic, underlining the need to continue and improve AIDS coverage in the media. “I understand that we are all waiting for a breakthrough, a vaccine, a cure or something dramatic—but the reality is that on a daily basis we are still talking about thousands lost to AIDS and thousands newly infected with HIV. Why then is AIDS dropping off the media agenda?” she asked.

Urging the media to be vigilant and accurate in AIDS reporting, Ms Bagasao quoted the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, to reinforce the need for ethical conduct. “Declare the past, diagnose the present [and] as to diseases, make a habit of two things –to help, or at least, to do no harm,” she said. “These words of wisdom are so appropriate for how the media needs to respond to AIDS today,” she added.

Media practitioners were reminded of the lasting contribution they can make to the AIDS response. “You have the potential to influence attitudes, behaviour and even policy making,” said Ms Bagasao. “Ensuring the messages are conveyed to assist people to cope with and resist HIV requires wisdom, sensitivity and clarity of purpose,” she added.

Examining a number of examples of how media, knowingly or unknowingly have helped to fuel prejudice and discrimination around AIDS issues, participants were urged to pay special attention to language used in their media products and were encouraged to attend specialist trainings for media on AIDS issues that are offered by a number of United Nations and non-governmental organizations.

Journalist participants underlined the need to raise awareness among their colleagues to ensure clarity of reporting and how this can sometimes be forgotten within the fast paced media world. “I am a news reporter, I have to chase deadlines and sometimes I know I have ignored the sensitive issues,” said Mao Xuzhi, news reporter with China’s CCTV English section. “This is why training is so important – workshops show us how to use the right language and how the choice of certain language and images can add to the discrimination of people living with HIV, so should be avoided,” she said.

AIDS – an agent of change

Giving people living with HIV a voice to tell their own stories through reports and features was highlighted throughout the day as critical for increased and improved broadcast programming and print media coverage. Media coverage of people ‘living positively’, speakers said, is helping change perceptions of AIDS and breaking down discrimination.

“Let’s get away from the doom and gloom. That idea is 25 years old. AIDS has become an agent of change – it’s making a difference, often making positive waves and we have to move with the times,” said Firdoze Bulbia, Chairperson of the Children and Broadcasting Foundation for South Africa.

Moving media coverage of AIDS further forward, participants were also urged to find innovative ways to report on AIDS issues and integrate HIV into mainstream programming, rather than just having ‘token’ programmes on AIDS issues. “AIDS is with us – people aren’t separate, it’s us together,” said Bulbia. “Mainstream programmes, soap operas, dramas, sit-coms and other shows need to integrate HIV characters into their storylines, just as people living with HIV are integrated in our lives. We need to face up to this – AIDS is not going away, it’s here and we have to deal with this now,” she added.

In an expression of their commitment to step up action on AIDS within the media, participants from the Asian media concluded the meeting by endorsing a declaration of commitment to give more airtime, more resources and to increase cross-outlet collaboration on programme making and reporting. They agreed to form the Asia-pacific media AIDS Initiative—a regional arm of the GMAI – to collectively develop and action a collective collaborative plan and timeline to expand the media response to AIDS in the region.

“We have to step up our action, work through our cultural taboos. This is about saving lives and saving nations,” said Mr K P Madhu from the AIBD.

As part of the conference, an award for the ‘Best TV and radio programme on AIDS’ was held. Winners will be announced during the opening day of the Asia Media Summit, Tuesday 29 May.

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Links:

For more information on the Asian Mediat Summit visit the Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Corporation website

View entries to the competition for 'Best TV and radio programme on AIDS’

In 2006, UNAIDS came together with civil society, treatment activists, the private sector and governments -- to call for the global community mobilize an alliance for intensifying HIV prevention efforts, under the banner “Uniting for HIV Prevention”.

A key partner from the outset, the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) continues to push for HIV prevention to halt growing infection rates and sustain the gains that have already been made in the AIDS response such as increased numbers of people on HIV treatment. Here, TAC’s founder and chairman, renowned activist Zackie Achmat shares his thoughts on why “Uniting for HIV Prevention” is critical for the sustainability of the AIDS response as well as healthcare systems, communities and society in general.

 

Why do you see the need for “Uniting for HIV prevention”?

If people become infected it shortens their lifespan, it has an impact on quality of life and it undermines family relationships, society, and impacts on broader issues like the economy. In our country [ South Africa] every day more than 1000 people become infected and more than 900 are dying from AIDS-related illnesses. From that perspective alone, if we don’t scale up prevention effectively we will increase the death rate, increase the illness and increase the social disruption that can come with HIV.

 

Who do you think needs to be involved in this movement?

For so many years efforts have been focused on the AIDS community – and frankly, the AIDS community is tired of prevention. Millions of new people have to be garnered for prevention and so we have to turn to how do we bring in new people – how do we bring in the priest, the trade union, the traditional leader, traditional healer, the banker? We have to look beyond the traditional HIV communities.

At the same time, at the centre of all this has been the absence of people living with HIV leading the struggle for HIV prevention. The critical thing has to be, that at the forefront of prevention has to be people living with HIV assisting through their very unique understanding of prevention.

 

Often we hear that pushing on prevention is going to compete with calls for access to treatment – what do you think about this?

Treatment has given us a unique opportunity to scale up prevention. It has shown that it works and it is working because people who are affected by it have begun to understand and address the access barriers to HIV treatment. Very few people understand the barriers to access to prevention and this is where work is needed now.

I think [treatment and prevention] are marvelously self-reinforcing. From my point of view, the most scandalous thing is that we have so many ARV programmes that don’t ensure that part of the essential package of treatment is to have 6 condoms a week planned as part of the essential package.

 

So, treatment activists have a great role to play in “Uniting for HIV Prevention” as well?

I think probably the most critical role, because we know the cost of treatment and the future costs this will incur if prevention isn’t scaled up massively. If you take South Africa for example, it’s going to cost our country close to about 5 billion dollars a year in 10 years time, just for treatment. That is a significant amount of money and on a long term basis it’s unsustainable for families and healthcare systems. We don’t want to live in a permanent emergency in our healthcare systems and our society as regards to our health. So, I think that treatment activists should understand best the need for scaling up prevention.

 

If you could give one message about “Uniting for HIV Prevention”, what would that be?

I would like two messages – firstly, immediately scale up mother to child prevention. It is tragic that all of us have not taken the opportunity that this has given us to scale up healthcare and antenatal services for all women. And the second thing is – it’s everyone’s duty to recognize that this is not a short term battle and so [we all need] to prepare ourselves in the long term by reading, studying and acting on the knowledge we get—urgently.

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Links:

Listen to key excerpts of the interview with Zackie Achmat

More on Uniting for Prevention

Read Press Release: Uniting for Prevention  ( en | es | fr | ru ) (pdf, 38.6 KB | 50.5 KB | 58.8 KB | 171 KB)

Visit Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) website

At the 61st session of the General Assembly, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon confirmed his support to the AIDS response promising to ensure that the international community remains united against the epidemic. “In some way or another, we all live with HIV. We are all affected by it. We all need to take responsibility for the response,” he said. His remarks were heard by UN Member States as he delivered a statement during the review of the progress made towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.

Speaking for the first time on the issue of AIDS, the Secretary-General presented his vision on the UN's response to the epidemic, promising that: “AIDS would remain a system-wide priority for the UN”; “the UN would deliver as one on AIDS and would further strengthen the already pioneering coordination efforts of UNAIDS and its Cosponsors”, and that he would “make every effort to mobilize funding for the response to AIDS.”

At the Plenary, The President of the General Assembly Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalif gave the opening statement, stressing that AIDS “demands the sustained engagement of the world community” and that there was a need for “those living with HIV and those at greatest risk of infection to be at the centre of the response.” The General Assembly President personally presided over the meeting throughout its entire course.

The plenary concluded with the adoption by consensus of a decision that welcomed the Secretary General’s report and its recommendations.

As part of events surrounding the General Assembly, the Secretary-General met for the first time with his Special Envoys for AIDS—Dr Nafis Sadik for Asia and the Pacific; Sir George Alleyne for Latin America and the Caribbean; Professor Lars Kallings for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and; Ms. Elizabeth Mataka for Africa, whose appointment was announced that day. A number of specific suggestions were given at the meeting to ensure effective advocacy by the Special Envoys on AIDS issues.

On 21 May, the Secretary-General also met with UN Plus, the advocacy group of UN staff living with HIV. The meeting had a strong impact on the SG. “My perspective has totally changed," he told colleagues. "I have met many people in my life -- presidents, kings, diplomats. But this was one of the most important events of my life. I was very touched by their courage.” The Secretary-General also announced that on his next trip to Asia he would visit an AIDS clinic or a similar facility.

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Links:

Read UN Secretary-General's speech ( en | fr ) (pdf, 31 KB | 22,3 KB)

Read statement by General Assembly's President (pdf, 28,9 KB)

Read UNAIDS statement on appointment of new Special Envoy (pdf, 25,6 KB)

Read Press Release ( en | fr | es | ru ) (pdf, 28,9 KB | 51 KB | 40,7 KB | 168 KB)

Read Media Advisory (pdf, 92 Kb)

Download UN Secretary-General's progress report (pdf, 240 Kb)

Read more about the UN Secretary-General's meeting with the UN Plus group

As part of the 61 st session of the General Assembly, UNPlus– the UN system-wide group of staff living with HIV– met with the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to brief him on the key achievements of the group since its inception in March 2005 and to discuss the opportunities and challenges that UN positive staff face at work.

During the meeting, a delegation of UNPlus members presented the Secretary-General with specialized position papers covering four main issues of concern: stigma and discrimination, confidentiality, medical insurance, and travel restrictions and mobility. The group also made specific requests to the action items outlined in the papers. The meeting also served to evaluate the progress made on the concerned issues and discuss the way forward to improve the workplace environment for all people living with HIV working within the UN system.

“Our requests to the Secretary-General mainly focus on the need to revise the personnel policy and to institute strong administrative procedures to curtail stigma,” said Bhatupe Mhango, UN plus coordinator. “Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon ’s support to UNPlus is critical. We hope he will continue to raise the issues of positive people far and wide-both within the UN system and in his external engagements,” she added.

Twenty-five years into the pandemic, HIV is a reality for workplaces across the world. With approximately 193 member states and an almost equal number of country offices worldwide, the United Nations workforce is no exception.

Addressing the issue within the United Nations, UNPlus was initiated in March 2005 by a group of UN staff members living with HIV, with the support of the UNAIDS secretariat, to create a more enabling environment of all HIV-positive staff members, irrespective of the level of disclosure of their HIV status. UNPlus aims to create an organized and effective voice for people living with HIV within the United Nations system that challenges stigma and discrimination, and contributes to the development of and improvement of existing policies on HIV among United Nations agencies.

“UNPlus is remarkable in the sense that in essence it is UN Reform in action. It brings together people from different backgrounds, cultures, beliefs, professions, salary grades, around a common issue. The common issue is ensuring equality, solidarity and acceptance for people living with HIV,” said Mhango.

The first global meeting of UNPlus took place in Amsterdam in March 2006. The meeting was attended by more than 30 people living with HIV working in 11 UN organizations around the world and saw the development of the UN Plus position papers.

Coinciding with the meeting with the UN Secretary-General, UNPlus officially launched its website: http://www.unplus.org/ . The website provides staff members, UN agencies and other external partners with important information concerning HIV in the workplace. It also promotes positive living and highlights the challenges and successes of people living with HIV from around the world. To mark the launch, the web site features an exclusive interview with the UNAIDS Executive Director on the exceptionality of AIDS.

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Links:

View Photo Gallery
Listen to interview with Bhatupe Mhango, UNplus Global Coordinator
Visit UNplus website
Read UNplus Position Papers
View exclusive interview with UNAIDS Executive Director, Dr. Peter Piot
Read UN Secretary-General's impressions after meeting UNplus members

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All photo credit: UNAIDS/Brad Hamilton

Links:

Read full story
Visit UNplus website

Widespread homophobia is posing a critical challenge to the AIDS response in many countries around the world. The International Day Against Homophobia (May 17) shines a spotlight on the urgent need for joint efforts to reduce and end discrimination, violence and criminalization based on sexual orientation.

Men who have sex with men, women who have sex with women and transgender people are all too often faced with stigma, discrimination and violence. These malevolent acts are contributing to the spread of HIV by creating an environment of isolation and exclusion which is preventing people from seeking vital HIV-related information and health services.

Today, around 85 member states of the United Nations consider homosexuality a criminal act and a small number of these countries carry the death penalty. The criminalization of homosexuality instigates widespread fear and shame, forcing people to hide their sexuality, often living in traditional partnerships and practicing in secret for fear of prosecution. Where people cannot live openly and disclose their sexuality the risk of HIV infection is often greatly enhanced as people are too afraid to access HIV prevention services for fear of repercussions or, as is the case in many countries, those services simply don’t exist.

For UNAIDS, the decriminalization of homosexuality and the eradication of violence against sexual minorities has been underlined as fundamental for progress within the AIDS response. At an international consultation on male sexual health held in New Delhi, India in September 2006, UNAIDS’ Director of Policy, Evidence and Partnerships, Purnima Mane stressed, "We have to ensure that homosexuality is decriminalized everywhere, and that homophobia, discrimination and violence against sexual minorities and women are made illegal and socially unacceptable,” she said.

However, progress is being seen, a number of governments are now advocating for the rights of homosexuals, in compliance with numerous international standards such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or the Charter of the United Nations.

Since Brazil first presented the draft resolution to the United Nation’s Commission on Human Rights in 2003, advocating against any kind of discrimination based on the ground of sexual orientation or gender identity, over 50 countries have publicly supported this agreement. But still more needs to be done.

“We have to face homophobia in bold and innovative ways. We all know that as long as a society is homophobic there is no way that there can be an effective AIDS response for men who have sex with men [and other sexual minorities]," said Purnima Mane.

 

Venezuela celebrates ‘A Day Against Homophobia’

Each year, HIV awareness raising activities take place around the world on the International Day Against Homophobia. In Venezuela, UNAIDS is taking part in one such activity by promoting the "Guide on human rights, health and HIV: a strategic guide to prevent and fight discrimination due to sexual orientation or gender identity". This document was prepared by the International Centre for Technical Cooperation on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS and the Horizontal Group of Technical Cooperation and was recently launched at the IV Latin American and Caribbean Forum on HIV/AIDS held in Buenos Aires.

Venezuela ’s "Day Against Homophobia" celebrations will take place in Merida, a western Andean city that hosts one of the most active and solid Venezuelan civil society networks, the “Merida League Against HIV and AIDS”.

As well as the distribution of the guide, UNAIDS and the Merida League will hold an interactive workshop that will cover basic concepts on sexuality, sexual human rights, and vulnerability to HIV.

“This is the second year in a row that Venezuela celebrates the International Day against Homophobia with activities that raise awareness on this important issue.  In accordance with regional initiatives, the launching of this guide, particularly among youth, will promote respect and tolerance towards the gay, lesbian and transsexual community,” said UNAIDS Country Coordinator Venezuela Libsen Rodríguez-Adrian.

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Links:

Read Press Release ( en | sp )

Guide on human rights, health and HIV: strategic guide to prevent and fight discrimination due to sexual orientation or gender identity ( sp )

Read the State of Homophobia, ( en | sp ) published by the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA), or visit their website at http://www.ilga.org/

Watch ILGA's video "A Day Against Homophobia" (mpeg, 3,840kb)

Read the Yogyakarta Principles ( en )

Read the International human rights references to human rights violations on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity

During a high-level mission to Haiti in May, the UNAIDS delegation headed by Deputy Executive Director Michel Sidibe underlined its support to Fondation SOGEBANK, the Global Fund’s Principal Recipient in Haiti, in helping ensure greater coordination of resources for AIDS and developing a culture of multi-sectoral partnership within the country’s AIDS response.

“Haiti has made significant progress on AIDS – with Fondation SOGEBANK playing a key role in developing the response in the country. Now we must work to ensure that all resources and funding for AIDS in Haiti are reaching the people that need them—to ‘make the money work’— every sector needs to be involved,” Mr Sidibe said.

As a first event in a series of initiatives to help develop multi-sectoral partnerships in the country’s AIDS response, Fondation SOGEBANK and UNAIDS gathered a group of around 40 CEOs from leading Haitian companies to discuss the perception of AIDS among leading managers and ways in which the business sector can become more involved in AIDS issues.

The group was presented with a study launched in Haiti in 2005, in preparation of the UNGASS 2008 report, which examines the response to AIDS by 20 of the largest Haitian companies.

The study, the first of its kind to provide a baseline report on business response to AIDS, shows that the Haitian business sector is becoming progressively more involved in the response and a number of companies are implementing HIV prevention activities. The study found that Haiti’s labour-intensive workplaces such as factories have a greater awareness of, and a more active response to AIDS than do banks and similar work sites.

Emphasizing the need for increased action on AIDS within the private sector, Sidibe urged the CEOs to use the study’s findings to help shape their future initiatives. “This study shows us work needs to be done in the areas of policy, legislation and cooperation within businesses. We therefore have to create synergies between governmental actions and the private sector in order to intensify the response,” he said.

To elicit a greater response from industry, UNAIDS and Fondation SOGEBANK will continue consultations with business leaders, encouraging information-sharing, joint resource mobilization and a continuous and open dialogue.

“UNAIDS will seek to assist the private sector in establishing ways for an effective, open cooperation to ensure business response that addresses the impacts and dangers of AIDS on economic growth and development of Haiti,” Sidibe said.

Haiti has the highest HIV prevalence rates in the Caribbean region: 3.8% among adults between 15 and 49 years old.

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Links:

More information on Haiti

Visit the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

Visit Foundation SOGEBANK (in french)

Some 1300 people from over 60 countries are attending the 18th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm which is taking place in Warsaw, Poland from 13-17 May. The conference, organised annually, is bringing together frontline workers, researchers, policy makers, members of governments, officials from law enforcement, the judiciary, criminal justice workers, UN officials, members of national and international NGO’s, together with members of drug user organisations to present, discuss and debate the often difficult issues surrounding drug related harm.

 

Keynote speech

On the opening day, UNAIDS’ Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific gave one of the keynote speeches and highlighted the inextricable links between injecting drug use and HIV and the achievements and challenges in addressing these complex issues.

 

Read speech (pdf, 39,9 KB)

View Powerpoint presentation (ppt, 2,96 MB)

Urgent action needed to improve access to HIV prevention and treatment services for people who inject drugs

Despite increased political will and a scale up of funds available for the AIDS response, most people who inject drugs are still being denied access to basic HIV prevention and treatment services.

 

Read Press Release ( en | fr | ru | es )

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

 Injecting drug abuse is among the major forces driving the AIDS epidemic. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), a Cosponsor of UNAIDS since 1999, has been mainstreaming HIV prevention into its demand reduction activities globally, with an emphasis on promoting skills development and helping young people live a healthy, drug-free life. UNODC also supports prevention activities to limit the spread of HIV among people who inject drugs, and through them, to their spouses, children and the general population.

 

Visit UNODC Website

HIV/AIDS and injecting drug use - Christian Kroll, UNODC Global Coordinator for HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS and injecting drug use - Christian Kroll, UNODC Global Coordinator for HIV/AIDSAround ten percent of all new HIV infections worldwide are due to injecting drug use. But in some regions it's now the main route of HIV transmission - accounting for over 80 per cent of all HIV cases. When did injecting drug use first emerge as a significant factor in the HIV/AIDS pandemic?

Listen to audio interview (mp3, 2.2 Mb)